Study of cosmic ray composition in the knee region using multiple muon events in the Soudan 2 detector
Physical Review D - Particles, Fields, Gravitation and Cosmology 55:9 (1997) 5282-5294
Abstract:
Deep underground muon events recorded by the Soudan 2 detector, located at a depth of 2100 m of water equivalent, have been used to infer the nuclear composition of cosmic rays in the “knee” region of the cosmic ray energy spectrum. The observed muon multiplicity distribution favors a composition model with a substantial proton content in the energy region [Formula presented]–[Formula presented] GeV/nucleus. © 1997 The American Physical Society.The SOUDAN 2 detector: The operation and performance of the tracking calorimeter modules
Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research, Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 381:2-3 (1996) 385-397
Abstract:
SOUDAN 2 is a 960-ton tracking calorimeter which has been constructed to search for nucleon decay and other phenomena. The full detector consists of 224 calorimeter modules each weighing 4.3 tons. The modules consist of finely segmented iron instrumented with 1 m long drift tubes of 15 mm internal diameter. The tubes enable three spatial coordinates and dE/ dx to be recorded for charged particles traversing the tubes. The spatial resolution is 0.38 cm in the x-y plane and 0.65 cm in the z, or drift, direction. The operation and performance of the modules are discussed.The SOUDAN 2 detector: The design and construction of the tracking calorimeter modules
Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research, Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 376:1 (1996) 36-48
Abstract:
SOUDAN 2 is a 960-ton tracking calorimeter which has been constructed to search for nucleon decay and other phenomena. The full detector consists of 224 calorimeter modules each weighing 4.3 tons. The design and construction of the modules are described. The modules consist of finely segmented iron instrumented with 1 m long drift tubes of 15 mm internal diameter. The tubes enable three spatial coordinates and dE/dx to be recorded for charged particles traversing the tubes.Ultrahigh energy cosmic ray composition from surface air shower and underground muon measurements at Soudan 2
Physical Review D 52:5 (1995) 2760-2765
Abstract:
The Soudan 2 experiment has performed time-coincident cosmic ray air shower and underground muon measurements. Comparisons to Monte Carlo predictions show that such measurements can make statistically significant tests of the primary composition in the knee region of the cosmic ray spectrum. The results do not support any significant increase in the average primary mass with energy in the range of 104 TeV per nucleus. Some systematic uncertainties remain, however, particularly in the Monte Carlo modeling of the cosmic ray shower. © 1995 The American Physical Society.Search for magnetic monopoles with the Soudan 2 detector
Physical Review D 46:11 (1992) 4846-4851