# Publications by Siddharth Parameswaran

## Quantum oscillations probe the Fermi surface topology of the nodal-line semimetal CaAgAs

Physical Review Research American Physical Society 2 (2020) 012055(R)

YH Kwan, P Reiss, Y Han, M Bristow, D Prabhakaran, D Graf, A McCollam, S Ashok Parameswaran, AI Coldea

Nodal semimetals are a unique platform to explore topological signatures of the unusual band structure that can manifest by accumulating a nontrivial phase in quantum oscillations. Here we report a study of the de Haas–van Alphen oscillations of the candidate topological nodal line semimetal CaAgAs using torque measurements in magnetic fields up to 45 T. Our results are compared with calculations for a toroidal Fermi surface originating from the nodal ring. We find evidence of a nontrivial π phase shift only in one of the oscillatory frequencies. We interpret this as a Berry phase arising from the semiclassical electronic Landau orbit which links with the nodal ring when the magnetic field lies in the mirror (ab) plane. Furthermore, additional Berry phase accumulates while rotating the magnetic field for the second orbit in the same orientation which does not link with the nodal ring. These effects are expected in CaAgAs due to the lack of inversion symmetry. Our study experimentally demonstrates that CaAgAs is an ideal platform for exploring the physics of nodal line semimetals and our approach can be extended to other materials in which trivial and nontrivial oscillations are present.

## Classical dimers on penrose tilings

Physical Review X American Physical Society 10 (2020) 011005

F Flicker, SH Simon, Parameswaran

## Erratum: Charge Transport in Weyl Semimetals (Physical Review Letters (2012) 108 (046602) DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.108.046602)

Physical Review Letters 123 (2019)

P Hosur, SA Parameswaran, A Vishwanath

© 2019 American Physical Society. This erratum corrects errors in numerical factors in Eqs. (1), (7), and (8), and the overall scale of the dc resistivity plotted in Fig. 2. We recently discovered an algebraic error in Eq. (7), which led to incorrect numerical factors in Eqs. (1) and (8). The correct Eqs. (1), (7) and (8), respectively, are (Formula Presented). An error was also found in the overall scale of pdc = 1/σdc calculated from (1) and plotted in Fig. 2 of the Letter. With these corrections our theory underestimates ?dc of the samples in Ref. [12] of the Letter, which is understandable since the samples are polycrystalline while our theory specializes to single crystals. However, correcting both errors gives excellent agreement with recent experiments on Eu 0.96 Bi 0.04 Ir 2 O 7 [1] for reasonable values of parameters, as shown in Fig. 1. Moreover, Ref. [1] finds pdc ( T ) ∼ 1 / T , as predicted by our theory, only at low temperatures, which is where our theory is best applicable since it contains only Coulomb scattering but ignores phonon scattering. Thus, it is likely that the low-temperature transport in Eu 0.96 Bi 0.04 Ir 2 O 7 is dominated by Coulomb scattering. We thank Surjeet Singh and Prachi Telang for bringing the error in the computation of pdc to our attention (Figure Presented).

## Topology and symmetry-protected domain wall conduction in quantum Hall nematics

Physical review B: Condensed matter and materials physics American Physical Society 100 (2019) 165103

K Agarwal, MT Randeria, A Yazdani, SL Sondhi, S Ashok Parameswaran

## Topological 'Luttinger' invariants for filling-enforced non-symmorphic semimetals

Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter IOP Publishing 31 (2019) 104001-

S Parameswaran

Luttinger’s theorem is a fundamental result in the theory of interacting Fermi systems: it states that the volume inside the Fermi surface is left invariant by interactions, if the number of particles is held fixed. Although this is traditionally justified in terms of analytic properties of Green’s functions, it can be viewed as arising from a momentum balance argument that examines the response of the ground state to the insertion of a single flux quantum [M. Oshikawa, Phys. Rev. Lett. 84, 3370 (2000)]. This reveals that the Fermi volume is a topologically protected quantity, whose change requires a phase transition. However, this sheds no light on the stability or lack thereof of interacting semimetals, that either lack a Fermi surface, or have perfectly compensated electron and hole pockets and hence vanishing net Fermi volume. Here, I show that semimetallic phases in non-symmorphic crystals possess additional topological ‘Luttinger invariants’ that can be nonzero even though the Fermi volume vanishes. The existence of these invariants is linked to the inability of non-symmorphic crystals to host band insulating ground states except at special fillings. I exemplify the use of these new invariants by showing that they distinguish various classes of twoand three-dimensional semimetals.

## Quantum Brownian motion in a quasiperiodic potential

Physical review B: Condensed matter and materials physics American Physical Society 100 (2019) 060301

A Friedman, R Vasseur, A Lamacraft, S Ashok Parameswaran

We consider a quantum particle subject to Ohmic dissipation, moving in a bichromatic quasiperiodic potential. In a periodic potential the particle undergoes a zero-temperature localization-delocalization transition as dissipation strength is decreased. We show that the delocalized phase is absent in the quasiperiodic case, even when the deviation from periodicity is infinitesimal. Using the renormalization group, we determine how the effective localization length depends on the dissipation. We show that a similar problem can emerge in the strong-coupling limit of a mobile impurity moving in a periodic lattice and immersed in a one-dimensional quantum gas.

## Interacting multi-channel topological boundary modes in a quantum Hall valley system

Nature Springer Nature 566 (2019) 363–367-

MT Randeria, K Agarwal, BE Feldman, H Ding, H Ji, RJ Cava, SL Sondhi, S Parameswaran, A Yazdani

Symmetry and topology are central to understanding quantum Hall ferromagnets (QHFMs), two-dimensional electronic phases with spontaneously broken spin or pseudospin symmetry whose wavefunctions also have topological properties1,2. Domain walls between distinct broken-symmetry QHFM phases are predicted to host gapless one-dimensional modes—that is, quantum channels that emerge because of a topological change in the underlying electronic wavefunctions at such interfaces. Although various QHFMs have been identified in different materials3,4,5,6,7,8, interacting electronic modes at these domain walls have not been probed. Here we use a scanning tunnelling microscope to directly visualize the spontaneous formation of boundary modes at domain walls between QHFM phases with different valley polarization (that is, the occupation of equal-energy but quantum mechanically distinct valleys in the electronic structure) on the surface of bismuth. Spectroscopy shows that these modes occur within a topological energy gap, which closes and reopens as the valley polarization switches across the domain wall. By changing the valley flavour and the number of modes at the domain wall, we can realize different regimes in which the valley-polarized channels are either metallic or develop a spectroscopic gap. This behaviour is a consequence of Coulomb interactions constrained by the valley flavour, which determines whether electrons in the topological modes can backscatter, making these channels a unique class of interacting one-dimensional quantum wires. QHFM domain walls can be realized in different classes of two-dimensional materials, providing the opportunity to explore a rich phase space of interactions in these quantum wires.

## Kosterlitz-Thouless scaling at many-body localization phase transitions

Physical Review B: Condensed matter and materials physics American Physical Society 99 (2019) 094205

P Dumitrescu, A Goremykina, S Ashok Parameswaran, M Serbyn, R Vasseur

<p>We propose a scaling theory for the many-body localization (MBL) phase transition in one dimension, building on the idea that it proceeds via a “quantum avalanche.” We argue that the critical properties can be captured at a coarse-grained level by a Kosterlitz-Thouless (KT) renormalization group (RG) flow. On phenomenological grounds, we identify the scaling variables as the density of thermal regions and the length scale that controls the decay of typical matrix elements. Within this KT picture, the MBL phase is a line of fixed points that terminates at the delocalization transition. We discuss two possible scenarios distinguished by the distribution of rare, fractal thermal inclusions within the MBL phase. In the first scenario, these regions have a stretched exponential distribution in the MBL phase. In the second scenario, the near-critical MBL phase hosts rare thermal regions that are power-law-distributed in size. This points to the existence of a second transition within the MBL phase, at which these power laws change to the stretched exponential form expected at strong disorder. We numerically simulate two different phenomenological RGs previously proposed to describe the MBL transition. Both RGs display a universal power-law length distribution of thermal regions at the transition with a critical exponent α<sub>c</sub> = 2, and continuously varying exponents in the MBL phase consistent with the KT picture.</p>

## Signatures of information scrambling in the dynamics of the entanglement spectrum

Physical review B: Condensed Matter and Materials Physics American Physical Sociey 100 (2019) 125115

T Rakovsky, S Gopalakrishnan, S Ashok Parameswaran, F Pollmann

We examine the time evolution of the entanglement spectrum of a small subsystem of a nonintegrable spin chain following a quench from a product state. We identify signatures in this entanglement spectrum of the distinct dynamical velocities (related to entanglement and operator spreading) that control thermalization. We show that the onset of level repulsion in the entanglement spectrum occurs on different timescales depending on the “entanglement energy”, and that this dependence reflects the shape of the operator front. Level repulsion spreads across the entire entanglement spectrum on a timescale that is parametrically shorter than that for full thermalization of the subsystem. This timescale is also close to when the mutual information between individual spins at the ends of the subsystem reaches its maximum. We provide an analytical understanding of this phenomenon and show supporting numerical data for both random unitary circuits and a microscopic Hamiltonian.

## Quantum Hall valley nematics

Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter IOP Publishing 31 (2019) 273001

S Ashok Parameswaran, BE Feldman

Two-dimensional electron gases in strong magnetic fields provide a canonical platform for realizing a variety of electronic ordering phenomena. Here we review the physics of one intriguing class of interaction-driven quantum Hall states: quantum Hall valley nematics. These phases of matter emerge when the formation of a topologically insulating quantum Hall state is accompanied by the spontaneous breaking of a point-group symmetry that combines a spatial rotation with a permutation of valley indices. The resulting orientational order is particularly sensitive to quenched disorder, while quantum Hall physics links charge conduction to topological defects. We discuss how these combine to yield a rich phase structure, and their implications for transport and spectroscopy measurements. In parallel, we discuss relevant experimental systems. We close with an outlook on future directions.

## Topological entanglement entropy of fracton stabilizer codes

Physical Review B American Physical Society 97 (2018) 1-16

H Ma, AT Schmitz, S Parameswaran, M Hermele, R Nandkishore

Entanglement entropy provides a powerful characterization of two-dimensional gapped topolog- ical phases of quantum matter, intimately tied to their description by topological quantum field theories (TQFTs). Fracton topological orders are three-dimensional gapped topologically ordered states of matter that lack a TQFT description. We show that three-dimensional fracton phases are nevertheless characterized, at least partially, by universal structure in the entanglement entropy of their ground state wave functions. We explicitly compute the entanglement entropy for two archety- pal fracton models - the X-cube model' and Haah's code' - and demonstrate the existence of a non-local contribution that scales linearly in subsystem size. We show via Schrieffer-Wolff transfor- mations that this piece of the entanglement entropy of fracton models is robust against arbitrary local perturbations of the Hamiltonian. Finally, we argue that these results may be extended to characterize localization-protected fracton topological order in excited states of disordered fracton models.

## Correlation function diagnostics for type-I fracton phases

Physical Review B: Condensed Matter and Materials Physics American Physical Society 97 (2018) 041110-

T Devakul, SA Parameswaran, SL Sondhi

Fracton phases are recent entrants to the roster of topological phases in three dimensions. They are characterized by subextensively divergent topological degeneracy and excitations that are constrained to move along lower dimensional subspaces, including the eponymous fractons that are immobile in isolation. We develop correlation function diagnostics to characterize Type I fracton phases which build on their exhibiting partial deconfinement. These are inspired by similar diagnostics from standard gauge theories and utilize a generalized gauging procedure that links fracton phases to classical Ising models with subsystem symmetries. En route, we explicitly construct the spacetime partition function for the plaquette Ising model which, under such gauging, maps into the X-cube fracton topological phase. We numerically verify our results for this model via Monte Carlo calculations.

## Many-body localization, symmetry, and topology

Reports on Progress in Physics IOP Publishing 81 (2018) 082501

S Parameswaran, R Vasseur

We review recent developments in the study of out-of-equilibrium topological states of matter in isolated systems. The phenomenon of many-body localization, exhibited by some isolated systems usually in the presence of quenched disorder, prevents systems from equilibrating to a thermal state where the delicate quantum correlations necessary for topological order are often washed out. Instead, many-body localized systems can exhibit a type of eigenstate phase structure wherein their entire many-body spectrum is characterized by various types of quantum order, usually restricted to quantum ground states. After introducing many-body localization and explaining how it can protect quantum order, we then explore how the interplay of symmetry and dimensionality with many-body localization constrains its role in stabilizing topological phases out of equilibrium.

## Strong-disorder renormalization group for periodically driven systems

Physical Review B: Condensed Matter and Materials Physics American Physical Society 98 (2018) 174203

W Berdanier, M Kolodrubetz, SGA Parameswaran, R Vasseur

Quenched randomness can lead to robust non-equilibrium phases of matter in periodically driven (Floquet) systems. Analyzing transitions between such dynamical phases requires a method capable of treating the twin complexities of disorder and discrete time-translation symmetry. We introduce a real-space renormalization group approach, asymptotically exact in the strong-disorder limit, and exemplify its use on the periodically driven interacting quantum Ising model. We analyze the universal physics near the critical lines and multicritical point of this model, and demonstrate the robustness of our results to the inclusion of weak interactions.

## Localization-protected order in spin chains with non-Abelian discrete symmetries

Physical Review B American Physical Society 98 (2018) 064203

AJ Friedman, R Vasseur, AC Potter, S Parameswaran

We study the nonequilibrium phase structure of the three-state random quantum Potts model in one dimension. This spin chain is characterized by a non-Abelian D 3 symmetry recently argued to be incompatible with the existence of a symmetry-preserving many-body localized (MBL) phase. Using exact diagonalization and a finite-size scaling analysis, we find that the model supports two distinct broken-symmetry MBL phases at strong disorder that either break the Z 3 clock symmetry or a Z 2 chiral symmetry. In a dual formulation, our results indicate the existence of a stable finite-temperature topological phase with MBL-protected parafermionic end zero modes. While we find a thermal symmetry-preserving regime for weak disorder, scaling analysis at strong disorder points to an infinite-randomness critical point between two distinct broken-symmetry MBL phases.

## Floquet quantum criticality

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences National Academy of Sciences 115 (2018) 9491-9496

W Berdanier, M Kolodrubetz, S Parameswaran, R Vasseur

We study transitions between distinct phases of one-dimensional periodically driven (Floquet) systems. We argue that these are generically controlled by infinite-randomness fixed points of a strong-disorder renormalization group procedure. Working in the fermionic representation of the prototypical Floquet Ising chain, we leverage infinite randomness physics to provide a simple description of Floquet (multi)criticality in terms of a distinct type of domain wall associated with time translational symmetry-breaking and the formation of “Floquet time crystals.” We validate our analysis via numerical simulations of free-fermion models sufficient to capture the critical physics.

## Recoverable information and emergent conservation laws in fracton stabilizer codes

Physical Review B American Physical Society 97 (2018) 134426

A Schmitz, H Ma, R Nandkishore, S Parameswaran

We introduce a new quantity, that we term {\it recoverable information}, defined for stabilizer Hamiltonians. For such models, the recoverable information provides a measure of the topological information, as well as a physical interpretation, which is complementary to topological entanglement entropy. We discuss three different ways to calculate the recoverable information, and prove their equivalence. To demonstrate its utility, we compute recoverable information for {\it fracton models} using all three methods where appropriate. From the recoverable information, we deduce the existence of emergent Z 2 Gauss-law type constraints, which in turn imply emergent Z 2 conservation laws for point-like quasiparticle excitations of an underlying topologically ordered phase.

## Non-Fermi glasses: Localized descendants of fractionalized metals

Physical Review Letters American Physical Society 119 (2017) 1-5

S Parameswaran, S Gopalakrishnan

Non-Fermi liquids are metals that cannot be adiabatically deformed into free fermion states. We argue for the existence of "non-Fermi glasses" phases of interacting disordered fermions that are fully many-body localized (MBL), yet cannot be deformed into an Anderson insulator without an eigenstate phase transition. We explore the properties of such non-Fermi glasses, focusing on a specific solvable example. At high temperature, non-Fermi glasses have qualitatively similar spectral features to Anderson insulators. We identify a diagnostic, based on ratios of correlators, that sharply distinguishes between the two phases even at infinite temperature. Our results and diagnostic should generically apply to the high-temperature behavior of MBL descendants of fractionalized phases.

## Filling-enforced nonsymmorphic Kondo semimetals in two dimensions

Physical Review B 96 (2017)

JH Pixley, S Lee, B Brandom, SA Parameswaran

© 2017 American Physical Society. We study the competition between Kondo screening and frustrated magnetism on the nonsymmorphic Shastry-Sutherland Kondo lattice at a filling of two conduction electrons per unit cell. This model is known to host a set of gapless partially Kondo screened phases intermediate between the Kondo-destroyed paramagnet and the heavy Fermi liquid. Based on crystal symmetries, we argue that (i) both the paramagnet and the heavy Fermi liquid are semimetals protected by a glide symmetry; and (ii) partial Kondo screening breaks the symmetry, removing this protection and allowing the partially Kondo screened phase to be deformed into a Kondo insulator via a Lifshitz transition. We confirm these results using large-N mean-field theory and then use nonperturbative arguments to derive a generalized Luttinger sum rule constraining the phase structure of two-dimensional nonsymmorphic Kondo lattices beyond the mean-field limit.

## Viewpoint: Topological insulators turn a corner

Physics American Physical Society 10 (2017) 1-3

S Parameswaran, Y Wan